Mayan Ball Game Pok-a-tok. The goal of Pok-a-Tok was to get a rubber ball into a stone hoop. It was an extension of their religion, and involved a great deal of ceremony. 4 1,082,954 votes. They could use their forearms and thighs to pass and hit the ball. Pok A. Objective of the game The aim of the game is to score points by bouncing the ball into the opponent’s end zone, or when the opposing team fails to return the ball after the second bounce. Multiple Choice. Based on the text, what is a. , Read each incomplete sentence. docx, 11. Answers is the place to go to get the answers you need and to ask the questions you wantDid you know that the Mayan civilization had a unique ball game called "pok-a-tok"? It was a combination of soccer and basketball and was played with a solid. Sometimes the game was played as part of a religious ceremony. And there’s evidence that the Toltecs and Aztecs played variations of the game, too, as there are stadiums (for lack of a better term) dotted throughout Mexico. d. Answer from: sabrosaichigurl. 400 BC. The Maya saw it as a metaphor for the Cosmos – the movement of the ball across the field reminded them of the movement. Cart. Players would hit the rubber ball with a bat like in baseball. Reply. . Recently, a stone scoreboard was found by archaeologists in Chichén Itzá, Mexico's Yucatán peninsula. The most beautiful, calming app for kids 2-7 years-old. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright. POK-TA-POK. William Parker , and one the an longer tracks is called “Pok-a-Tok,” about which Parker says “Pok-a-Tok is can Olmec ballgame whose object is to knock a four and a half strike rubber ball through a small ring. - Once the ball triggers through the hole 5 times on either side it will switch to the screen of whoever won (Left side is the. The majority of players in this prehistoric Mesoamerican ball game used their hips, thighs, and other body parts to strike the ball instead of their hands. It is their most famous game, which is thought to have been invented around 2000 BCE. variables, basic math, simple variables, delays, simple conditionals, advanced math, miscellaneous, functions, simple loops, conditional loops,Pok-Ta-Pok: How Belize Is Breathing Life into This Ancient Maya Ball Game. Today it is called Ulama. 400 bce) or even earlier, the game spread to subsequent cultures, among them those of Monte Albán and El Tajín;Who invented the game pok a tok? The Mayans invented pok-ta-tok. There were 600 pok-a-tok courts found in Mexico alone, but. Pok a Tok is an ancient Mayan ball game. It was a very difficult game played with a large rubber. For our first two days of our Level 2 Mesoamerica Unit, we’ll be taking a closer look at the Maya Empire. MONTESSORI-INSPIRED ACTIVITIES FOR KIDS. Which statement below is NOT true about the Mayan Pok-a-tok game? This is a ball game played by two teams of nobles. - You move with the keyboard (W,A,S,D) - Speed up your character movement by pressing left shift - You can press the left mouse button to add more force to the ball. Pok-a-tok is an ancient Maya game in which you hit a basketball size rubber ball with your hips, thighs, and chest. Jay Arnold fixes the chaos and strife surrounding the current state of college football by proposing his own form of conference realignment. kita main yuran rm50 pulok di Kolam Kesom dengan Juara RM 10 RIBU 🫡🔥. 1 Sept. The game consists of 2 teams usually formed by one or two individuals who would try to cross a rubber ball through a hoop that was located 20 feet above the ground. Like this vide. Pok-a-tok: The terrible Mayan ball sacrifice game Build a 'terrible' ball against the Apocalypse Inside the Mayan goddess cave Football is always a king sport that. Pok-a-Tok. Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Rescue Team DX. What do you call the Mayan ball game that you play with heavy pads, and without the use of your hands?. " Hubpages, n. The object of the game was to move a hard rubber ball without the use of hands or feet. It is very helpful. chest hands thighs hips 01. This multiplayer game let's you play the classic Pictionary game against players all over the world. These "bridges" connected Tenochtitlan to Aztec land. Every Mayan city had a ball court where the sport of pok-a-tok was played. Players in teams of two or four aimed to keep a rubber ball, weighing up to 4kg, off the ground and through a vertical hoop in the center of the. Our village's main language is Spanish. 246 Likes, TikTok video from KPPM (@kolampancingpokman): "Lepas game 50 ribu Jumaat ni. Pok-A-Tok games would go on without interruption for long periods of time, often for days. Noun [ edit] pok-ta-pok ( uncountable ) ( sports) a ceremonial ball game once played by the Aztecs and Maya; evolved into the ulama game. Ball courts. Explore the unique sport involving a rubber ball, where players used thei. It is a ceremonial stone belt, as old as Pok-A-Tok, a ball game that ancient Maya most probably inherited from the Olmecs. -. Learn. The Copan Ruins The Rules A TRIP THROUGH TIME: MAYAN POK-A-TOK GAME The Mayans Ritual Trophies The Goal Pok a Tok Pok a Tok Winners and Losers The Ball. Pok-A-Tok was often played by prisoners of war, and the members of the losing team were offered as sacrificed to. Sign in. The opposing teams will then face each other across the divide. After school I practice pok-a-tok. Diameter -over two poundsScoring. The object of the game was to move a hard rubber ball without the use of hands or feet. This Pok-ta-Pok Maya game resource contains two PDF sheets which can be printed on A4 paper. It was a very common game in everyday life, religious celebrations and to resolve conflicts of various kinds such as: Land lawsuits. . m. Pok-A-Tok: The Mayan Bullet Game. 02 In the lesson, Yatzil shared that the Maya could not use their in the pok-a- tok game. At heights of 20 to 30 feet (6 to 9 metres), a stone ring through which the ball was to be thrown was set into the wall, in a game known as pok-a-tok or. Somewhere in the region of 1,300 courts have been discovered around Central. If the stone rings are being used, players can hit the ball through one of the two stone rings to instantly win the game. The rules of Pok-A-Tok varied depending on where in Mesoamerica you were and in what era the game was being played. Pok Pok Playroom's digital toy box also includes discovery and creativity-driven games like Forest and Connect the Dots. Each important site had a ball court that was typically located in a ceremonial centre. Pok-a-tok is an ancient Maya game in which you hit a basketball size rubber ball with your hips, thighs, and chest. This is the country where the Aztecs once lived. Pok Ta Pok is the pre-Columbian ball game that the ancient (and now modern) Maya played to give. Reply. 640×427. Pok-a-Tok, also known as Pitz, is an ancient Mayan ball game that originated over 3,000 years ago. The players were given a target and a round, hard rubber ball to aim for; they were expected to hit it as far as they could. Pok -ta- Pok: Game of the Maya Fact File and Activity KS2 5. The field is split into two zones. Meski dimainkan oleh orang-orang dari semua lapisan masyarakat Maya untuk bersenang-senang, Pok-A-Tok juga digunakan sebagai cara untuk menyelesaikan konflik antara kelompok yang bertikai dan bangsawan. - You can press the left mouse button to add more force to the ball. Art, Game, Animation. El pok-a-tok it required a rubber ball that could weigh up to four kilos, and two teams, which fought each other in a way that reminded people of ancient Mayan battles and legends. Imagine if the loser of a football match today was sacrificed? This was a common occurrence in the Mayan time for the players of a ball. Log in. ” So, the correct answer is C. When I finish breakfast, I brush my teeth, wash my face, and get dressed for school. Pok Pok Playroom is available on iPhone and iPad. Add an answer. Given : Here in this question they are asking if pok-a-tok is the same as basketball or is there anything special with that game. Terms in this set (6) What is the name of the ball game? Pok-a-tok. Pok A Tok is a type of dice game that originated in Indonesia. Explore the unique sport involving a rubber ball, where players used their hips, elbows, or knees to score. The ball courts were considered entrances to the underworld. Our most Popular Games include hits like Subway Surfers, Temple Run 2, Stickman Hook and Rodeo Stampede. What is not true about "pok-a-tok" is that anyone in Mayan culture could play. Answer 1 of 2: Do they still have the PoK-A-Tok games on Friday evenings in Merida? If so any tips or doe we need tickets? Merida. Embedded near the top of each wall at the center is a stone hoop engraved with intertwined feathered serpents. 1 pt. Playing pok-a-tok a a fun, exciting game by a few easy rules. Pok-A-Tok games would go on without interruption for long periods of time, often for days. This secondary source article tells about good things in pok-a-tok. Once a team have managed to score a goal, by getting the ball through a hoop, the game is over. Next, powerfully begin the game. 0 (1 review) Maya Song for Kids Lyrics. Like Like. Games similar to Pok-A-Tok on RAWG Video game discovery site The most comprehensive database that is powered by personal player experiencesMaarit is a descendant of the Mayan tribe. Choose the option with the correct word or phrase that completes the sentence. Concepts. In fact, Mesoamerican ball courts have been found as far north as Arizona and as far south as Nicaragua. In this lesson, students will learn about the rules of the Mayan ball game, Pok a Tok before participating in a reenactment. Final writing outcome: A Mayan folk tale – a sequel to the Rain Player. Pok-A-Tok was a ball game played by the ancient Maya well over 1000 years ago in what’s now Cancun and Riviera Maya. How many players play pok ta pok? Updated: 10/5/2023. Football is always a king sport that captivates millions of hearts in the world. This answer is: More answers. This product is in both PDF and Word format. Pok-a-TokMelanie Hildenbrand Sherril WH P. These games could go on for days. You can't use your hands. It was a game that involved soccer, basketball, and racket ball put together. If there were two players in a team, they assisted each other. To see a more serious game, look out for the Mayan Ballgame World Cup. These games are only playable on Poki. Try it FREE with your little one today! My quest to revive an ancient Maya ball game in Belize. Recently, a stone scoreboard was found by archaeologists in Chichén Itzá, Mexico’s Yucatán peninsula. If you’ve visited Chichen Itzá, Cobá or other Maya ruins, you probably saw the Pok Ta’ Pok courts where this traditional pre-hispanic ball game was played. It was based on a 5,128-year cycle. You will must: 2 circular, stone wheel; 3 discs or markers;maya ballgame pok-a-tok mesoamerican yo creek. Watch: Maya ball games Play 01:21 Video Transcript What do we know about pitz? One of the many things the ancient Maya are remembered for is their ball game, which they. Pok-a-Tok was a ball game played by the ancient Mayans over 1000 years ago. The Maya played a game called Pok-a-tok. Today, it is still played in certain regions of Mexico and Central America, offering a fascinating glimpse into the Mayan civilization. Terlebih lagi, sumber yang dipulihkan menunjukkan bahwa pemimpin pihak yang kalah (dan. Pokémon Brilliant Diamond and. Multiple Choice. Flashcards. In the given text, Maarit talks about the ancient Maya game called Pok-a-tok, in which the players hit a basketball size rubber ball with their hips, thighs, and chest. Origin. Mesoamerican ballgame: pok a tok mayan ball game. Mayan game of Pok-A-Tok. The opposing teams will then face. Sep 20. What are some Aztec games and recreation? ok, the aztecs people play a rubber ball. Pokémon Café ReMix. It is one of the oldest team sports in the world. - You move with the keyboard (W,A,S,D) - Speed up your character movement by pressing left shift. 30 Likes, TikTok video from Pok Pok | Low-Stimulation App (@playpokpok): "Pok Pok is different from other kids’ apps in that it’s not really a game. 0 (3 reviews) The Ancient Maya eBook 4. 400 BC. A huipil is. No TOC. Played with a solid rubber ball, and heavy pads, the object of the game. Pok-a-Tok was a popular ball game, but it was also an act of sacrifice to the gods, who enjoyed watching the game just as the people did. ∙ 6y ago. It is their most famous game, which is thought to have been invented around 2000 BCE. The length of the field can vary but is typically around 100 meters. May 8, 2006 by languagehat 20 Comments. That is why the ball game continues to be a ceremony for us. It was completed in the 9th century and is one of the largest ball courts ever discovered (far bigger than a modern football pitch). Pok a Tok was a fast-paced ball game played by the Mayas. Possibly originating among the Olmecs (La Venta culture, c. How do you play pok-ta-pok instructions? Objective of the game The aim of the game is to score points by bouncing the ball into the opponent’s end zone, or when the opposing team fails to return the ball after the second bounce. It wasn't real hard to keep score, since it took so long to get the ball through the stone hoop. Customs 29 October 2023. Tags. #TuesdayTrivia: What was the objective of the Pok-a-Tok game that was played by the Maya of Central America?After school I practice pok-a-tok. comments sorted by Best Top New Controversial Q&A Add a. Fun educational games for kids. Driving from Merida to Bacalar 19 October 2023. Pok-A-Tok was a ball game played by the ancient Maya well over 1000 years ago in what’s now Cancun and Riviera Maya. What did Pok a Tok mean to the Mayans? It symbolized the struggle of life over death, and war and hunting. Pok-A-Tok was a ball game played by the ancient Maya well over 1000 years ago in what’s now Cancun and Riviera Maya. PLAY. Inspired by your living room floor filled with toys, Pok Pok is a digital playroom full of creative activities that have kids learning, exploring and experimenting through play. Played with a solid rubber ball, and heavy pads, the object of the game was to knock the ball with any part of the body except the hands through a stone scoring ring. Flashcards; Test; Learn; Solutions; Q-Chat: AI Tutor; Spaced Repetition; Modern Learning Lab;The best croupiers can also apply to officiate at other games, always use the cash you win wisely to be able to play more baccarat games. Sep 28, 2017 - Pok-A-Tok is a Mayan ball game invented around 2000 BCE. The goal of the game is to make a drawing of the object you were assigned to draw. adrian_knight. Ulama (game) Sinaloan ulama player in action. including a team captain. Members of the losing team may have been sacrificed. Uncover the world of Pokémon: Explore and discover Pokémon wherever you are! Catch more Pokémon to complete your Pokédex!The Amazing Race Australia 6 (also promoted as The Amazing Race: Around the World) is the sixth season of The Amazing Race Australia, an Australian reality competition show based on the American series The Amazing Race and the third instalment of Network 10's iteration of the show. Its walls, engraved with figures of Mayan gods and demons, had a ring that the ball had to pass through. Perfect for a special PE lesson! #Maya #PE. (Page 1 of tag Pok a Tok). Key Stage: Key Stage 2. The object of the game was for the two opposing side to try and hit the hard rubber ball into a stone hoop placed at both ends of the playing field. Also you will need referee. NadGames 4. They played with a 6 pound ball. RF 2AP6EG6 – Ancient Mayan carvings of Pok-a-Tok ball players on the wall of the game court (juego de pelota) at Chichen Itza dated 864 AD. 3. It was an extension of their religion, and involved a great deal of ceremony. Recently, a stone scoreboard was found by archaeologists in Chichén. If you lost the game you could die, but if you won you were treated as heroes and had a great. Pok-A-Tok was a ball game played by the ancient Maya well over 1000 years ago in what’s now Cancun and Riviera Maya. Learn more. After school I practice pok-a-tok. Do you want into have a go by gaming an Ancient Canary ball game? Pok-ta-pok was shown by the Classic Maya and is the oldest known team sport with a ball - invented over 3500 years ago. To the Maya people, it was known as Pok a Tok ,The Mesoamerican ball game was a game where the action reached unimaginable levels of violence even by today’s standards. Spell. Mayan ball games originated in the Olmec culture and spread to other cultures in Mesoamerica. Maya could not use their hands or feet in the pok-a-tok game. It is a ceremonial stone belt, as old as Pok-A-Tok, a ball game that ancient Maya most probably inherited from the Olmecs. Does you like to have an ab at playing an Historic Maja ball game? How to sport pok-ta-pok. ⚔️ Sword Fights on the Heights IV. pdf, 1. - You can press the left mouse button to add more force to the ball. Religious leaders attended, as did most chieftains and other government leaders. Show full text. The ball was made. Best Answer. Después de la escuela, todos los días a las tres y media de la tarde, voy a la práctica de pok-a-tok. Get into two teams of 5. noun Definition: A ritual ball game of the Maya, versions of which are found throughout Mesoamerica. These games were thought to have the supernatural power to predict war. Therefore, the correct option. In this activity, children will come up with their own rules for a version of Pok-a-Tok, an ancient Mayan ball game. . This is the ‘Great Maya ball court’ in Chichén Itzá. México showed its hierarchy and raised the millennial game of the Pok Ta Pok or Maya Ball Game, during the IV World Cup of this sport. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4. To the mayans, the game was known as pok a tok, to the aztec it was tlachtli, while nowadays most people refer to it as ulama. According to research, only the nobles in Mayan culture could play or be allowed to play but everyone else could watch the play as a spectators. No tickets needed The Maya ball game was called Pok-A-Tok. The Maya ballgame and its associated ballcourts have been symbolically linked to the movement of celestial bodies, especially the sun and moon, which are related to seasonal agricultural fertility. During, players from two opposing teams would aim to keep a heavy rubber ball – weighing up to 8 lbs (4 kgs) at times – off the. Play Now. The correct option that completes the sentence is: could face horrible consequences if they lost. Pok-a-tok, a ballgame played by the Maya, was considered a sacred game in which the players had to strike a rubber ball through a stone hoop without using their hands or feet. . The penalty for losing a game was. ‘EkBalam’ first made headlines three years ago when the members competed in the. 0 (3 reviews) The Hero Twins Maya Civilization Story PowerPoint 5. Pok-A-Tok was a ball game played by the ancient Maya well over 1000 years ago in what’s now Cancun and Riviera Maya. You can't use your hands. Well, actualy it's an Ancient Mayan game to pass the time, for sports, and for fun. Presentation Transcript. The Pok Ta Pok ball game is played with the hips between warring groups to settle disputes. In the given text, Maarit talks about the ancient Maya game called Pok-a-tok, in which the players hit a basketball size rubber ball with their hips, thighs, and chest. Key Stage: Key Stage 2. C. It had a reputation for being played by the Maya yet was played all over and originated in the Olmec civilization. "The Mayan Ball Game: A Deadly Sport. Bukan sekadar permainan. And there’s evidence that the Toltecs and Aztecs played variations of the game, too, as there are stadiums (for lack of a better term) dotted throughout Mexico. 3 718,324 votes. Pok-a-Tok was a ball game played by the ancient Mayans over 1000 years ago. Pok-A-Tok was often played by prisoners of war, and the members of the losing team were offered as sacrificed to the gods. Which statement below is NOT true about the Mayan Pok-a-tok game? This is a ball game played by two teams of nobles. Spectacular cut-paper illustrations accompany this tale of courage and. This was a way that reminded people of the battle and legends that the ancient Mayans fought. Aztec called it Tlachtli. Similar versions of this game were adopted by the Aztecs and Toltec’s. The object by the game was to knock a rubbers ball throws a stone ring, utilizing only the hips, rear, and elbows. Other religious activities took place as well. The acoustics of the ball court are so fine that a visitor. Players were not allowed to use their hands or feet - only their head, shoulders, elbows, wrists. Played with a solid rubber ball, and heavy pads, the object of the game was to knock the ball with any part of the body except the hands through a stone scoring ring. Best hashtags for use with #pokemon are #pokemon #pok #pokemongo #mon #nintendo #pokemoncommunity #pikachu #pokemoncards #pokemontcg #anime #pokemonart #pokemontrainer #art #pokemoncollector #charizard. In the midst of the event, I witnessed a Guatemalan group playing pok-ta-pok—an ancient Maya ball game and ritual played over 500 years ago. Chichen Itza Great Ball Court. What is not true about "pok-a-tok" is that anyone in Mayan culture could play. This can be used as classwork, homework, or a supplement used for a substitute. whoever lost the team was sacraficed or put into slave labor. The first is the city of Merida, Mexico, where there is a demonstration of the ballgame each Friday night in the central square. Concepts. "Pok-A-Tok: The Maya Ball Game. Tape or tack a piece of paper on opposite walls. Permission: Free for personal, educational, editorial or commercial use. Willie Parker , and one of the length tracks is called “Pok-a-Tok,” about which Parker saying “Pok-a-Tok shall a Olmec game whose object is to knock a four and ampere half pound rubber ball using one narrow ring. Players tried to hit a rubber ball through a stone hoop. Pok-A-Tok was often played by prisoners of war, and the members of the losing team were offered as sacrificed to the gods. To bring rain to his thirsty village, Pik challenges the rain god to a game of pok-a-tok Notes. Answers. You cant use your hands and there also is a hoop and the game is so hard that they made whoever got the ball through the hoop wins and the loser coach gets their head cut off by the winning coach. Subscribed. It was played on an odd shaped field. Home Learning. Pok-a-tok is an ancient Maya game in which you hit a basketball size rubber ball with your hips, thighs, and chest. Can you figure out the main rules?A great take on a Mayan folktale where a young man who is a pok a tok player, is frustrated by a drought caused by the Choc, the god of rain. While there is no court for the players to use, a crowd gathers round to watch them play in traditional Mayan dress. Mayan game Learn with flashcards, games, and more — for free. Where to see the game. It is believed that football was introduced to Mexico at the end of the nineteenth century by emigrant miners from Cornwall, England. The. Historians believe that the game known as Pok-a-tok was born in the tropics of Mesoamerica early 1. This resource contains lots of colourful illustrations and fascinating facts that make the topic engaging for students. Part of the Chichen Itza Great Ball Court where the game of Pok A Tok was played. The higher the target, the more. Here the game of Pok-a-Tok was played, the most popular and highly revered sport among the Maya. New Pokémon Snap. If you’ve visited Chichen Itzá, Cobá or other Maya ruins, you probably saw the. Home. Tennis, golf etc 27 October 2023. Definition: A ritual ball game of the Maya, versions of which are found throughout Mesoamerica. Pok -ta- Pok: Game of the Maya Fact File and Activity KS2 5. In this activity, children will come up with their own rules for a version of Pok-a-Tok, an ancient Mayan ball game. The ball could not be picked up, but had to be bounced from leather shields attached to the players on their chest, arms, and legs. This Pok-ta-Pok Maya game resource contains two PDF sheets which can be printed on A4 paper. 4. Pok-o-tok. [QuarkXPress (. Pok-ta-pok, according to the OED, is “the Maya name of the sacred ball game of Middle America, called tlachtli by the Aztecs, which was played on a court as a religious ritual. Browse 10+ pok a tok stock photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images. My brother gets ready after me. The Maya practiced every day because they could face horrible consequences if they lost. This game was inspired by Pok-a-tok Mayan ball game. Based on the text, a common Maya practice in Maarit's community is Pok-a-tok. It is thought that some versions may have employed a wooden bat used by the team. Pok Pok is a low-stimulation app for kids 2-7 filled with Montessori-inspired digital toys that offer a calmer way to learn through screen time play. It measures 168 by 70 metres (551 by 230 feet) and the walls are 8 metres (26 feet) high. First, they would make the balls and the balls they played with sometime had human skulls it the middle. In Mesoamerican. Preview. Based on my research it appears. Mérida, Yucatán, (December 04, 2021). 4. Millennial Pok Ta Pok. Explore the unique sport involving a rubber ball, where players used their. Pok-Ta-Pok ball courts, which must have been inspiration for Harry Potter’s Quidditch, can still be found at Mayan archeological sites, such as Chichen Itza, and Uxmal. Some of them attack the enemy, but some of them mine gold and even lay out traps for the enemy unit. The point of the game is to get the ball through a hoop that is placed about 28 feet off the ground. the end zone and the play zone. The walls are inclined and serve as part of the game’s challenge. 381 subscribers. The ancient Maya civilization was incredibly rich and complex, leaving behind a legacy of advanced. The Aztec ball game. Pok-A-Tok was a ball game played by the ancient Maya well over 1000 years ago in what's now Cancun and Riviera Maya. Some where between two to four kilograms (five to nine pounds), and they had diameters between fifteen and twenty centimeters (six to eight inches). Known among the Aztecs as “tlachtli”, Pok-A-Tok was an important part of their political and religious festivals. The game represents evil and good things, the court represents the universe, and the ball represents a universal object like the sun or other planets. ecalbz2005 / 16 images. Congrats, you now know precically how to play. Pok-A-Tok wasn’t just a game. Follow these step-by-step getting to find outwards what to games. A video that gives instructions on how to play the ancient Mayan game: Pok-A-Tok. further facts on pok-a-tok. How long does a Pok-A-Tok game last? Varying greatly in size, most Pok-A-Tok stadiums featured a grassy, level middle section with sloping ends from which the goal hoops could extend as high as 20 feet above the court. they played a game similar to modern day football (soccer). . 2. Reply to: Pok-A-Tok Demonstration. What happens to the winning team in Pok-A-Tok? Pok Ta Pok was a team sport, similar to volleyball, in which the ball was passed from one side to the other using only the hips, shoulders and elbows. ∙ 12y ago. The game consists of 2 teams usually formed by one or two individuals who would try to cross a rubber ball through a hoop that was located 20 feet above the ground.